Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection among healthcare workers in a tertiary public hospital in Curitiba, Brazil

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among healthcare workers (HCWs) in Curitiba, Brazil. METHODS: Upper respiratory samples from 1077 HCWs were tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction from June 16, 2020 to December 9, 2020. RESULTS: Overall, 32.7% of HCWs were infected. The positivity rates in symptomatic and asymptomatic HCWs were 39.2% and 15.9%, respectively. Hospital departments categorized as high-risk for exposure had the highest number of infected HCWs. CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis and isolation of infected HCWs remain key in controlling SARS-CoV-2 transmission because HCWs in close contact with COVID-19 patients are more likely to be infected than those who are not.

SARS-CoV-2 in saliva, viremia and seroprevalence for COVID-19 surveillance at a single hematopoietic stem cell transplantation center: a prospective cohort study

ABSTRACT This prospective cohort study aims to analyze the surveillance of COVID-19 at a single hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) center in Brazil, in 29 patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT and 57 healthcare workers (nurses and dentists), through viral shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva and plasma and seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG. In addition, we report two cases with prolonged persistent detection of SARS-CoV-2 without seroconversion. The sample collection was performed seven times for patients and five times for healthcare workers. Only two patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in their saliva and plasma samples (6.9%) without seroconversion. All healthcare workers were asymptomatic and none tested positive. Two patients (6.9%) and four nurses (8%) had positive serology. No dentists had positive viral detection or positive serology. Our results reflect a low prevalence of positive RT-PCR and seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in patients and healthcare workers at a single HSCT center. Results have also corroborated how the rigorous protocols adopted in transplant centers were even more strengthened in this pandemic scenario.

Ultraconserved long non-coding RNA uc 112 is highly expressed in childhood T versus B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

ABSTRACT Aberrant expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) has been detected in several types of cancer, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but lncRNA mapped on transcribed ultraconserved regions (T-UCRs) are little explored. The T-UCRs uc.112, uc.122, uc.160 and uc.262 were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR in bone marrow samples from children with T-ALL (n = 32) and common-ALL/pre-B ALL (n = 30). In pediatric ALL, higher expression levels of uc.112 were found in patients with T-ALL, compared to patients with B-ALL. T-cells did not differ significantly from B-cells regarding uc.112 expression in non-tumor precursors from public data. Additionally, among B-ALL patients, uc.112 was also found to be increased in patients with hyperdiploidy, compared to other karyotype results. The uc.122, uc.160, and uc.262 were not associated with biological or clinical features. These findings suggest a potential role of uc.112 in pediatric ALL and emphasize the need for further investigation of T-UCR in pediatric ALL.

Epigenética e doenças humanas / Epigenetics and human diseases

O termo epigenética é definido pela alteração herdável na expressão gênica, sem que haja mudança na sequência primária de DNA, sendo a metilação do DNA e a modificação de histonas, importantes mecanismos envolvidos. A metilação do DNA influencia a organização da cromatina, e leva à repressão de genes e elementos transponíveis. As modificações pós-traducionais que podem ocorrem em proteínas histonas são muitas e podem ocorrer em diferentes aminoácidos e diferentes posições, e resultam em uma multiplicidade de combinações em um verdadeiro “código de histona”, e elas são interpretadas por diferentes fatores celulares. As marcas epigenéticas atuam simultaneamente para regular a transcrição gênica em um processo complexo, e pequenas falhas no estabelecimento ou manutenção desses podem desencadear o desenvolvimento de patologias, como a encontrada em síndromes genéticas e no câncer. Devido ao grande número de doenças, muitas pesquisas têm sido realizadas na busca de drogas capazes de reverter esses defeitos epigenéticos. Atualmente, já foram descritos alguns agentes capazes de interferir na ação de enzimas que regulam os processos, porém, existem ainda muitas dúvidas na aplicatividade desses tratamentos, se fazendo necessário maiores estudos dos mecanismos epigenéticos para, no futuro, serem mapeadas vias de interferências específicas e um melhor controle de efeitos.

The term epigenetics defines heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve DNA sequence changes. DNA methylation and histone modifi cations are two important related mechanisms. DNA methylation alters chromatin structure and has been shown to have a direct effect on the silencing of genes and transposons. There are many post-traductional modifications on histones and an extra complexity comes from many sites and amino acids that may be modifi ed, what results in multiple matches in a real “histone code” decrypted by different cell factors. The epigenetics mechanisms are complex, and minor failing in the establishment and maintenance causes diseases, as genetics syndromes and cancer. Due to several diseases, an increasing amount of research has been realized to find drugs able to suppress these defects. Nowadays, there have already been described some medicines able to interfere in the action of the enzymes which regulate the epigenetic processes, however, there is still doubt in effectiveness of theses treatment. It is necessary additional research about epigenetics mechanism to, in the future, understand specific pathways and control the effects of these drugs.

Dados epidemiológicos de portadores de fissuras labiopalatinas de uma instituição especializada de Londrina, Estado do Paraná / Epidemiologic data of cleft lip and palate bearers from a specialized institution of Londrina, Parana State

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as características de uma população de377 fissurados atendidos por uma instituição de Londrina, Estado do Paraná. Paratanto, foi avaliada a prevalência das fissuras em relação ao gênero, ao hábito maternode fumar até o 3º mês de gestação, à história familiar de fissuras, à classificaçãosocioeconômica e às faixas etárias materna e paterna nas quais os fissurados foram concebidos. A fissura de maior prevalência foi a transforame (59,9 por cento), a razão entre os gêneros foi de 1,5 masculino:1,0 feminino, 92,6 por cento da população pertencia à classe econômica baixa e as idades maternas e paternas foram respectivamente 25,5 ± 7,0 e 29,8 ± 8,9 anos. Os resultados de X² para a associação entre as variáveis e os tipos de fissura foram positivos em relação ao gênero (X² 0,05;2=20,6) e à idade paterna no período da concepção (X² 0,05;8=26,3)